目视、染色体、睾酮，奥运会的“性别”，到底怎么分？
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巴黎奥运会上，阿尔及利亚的哈利夫与中国台湾的林郁婷两位拳击手陷入性别争议风波，又先后夺得金牌。

性别就是XX和XY吗？为什么一个“简单”的性别，能引发复杂的争议？

历史上，奥运会曾经应用过哪些性别检测方法？

在体育比赛这种一定要做出区分和分组的场景下，要怎么做才算得上公平？

🌰本期人物🌰

嘉宾， 苏夜阳，独立学者，人类遗传学硕士、生命伦理学硕士、社会人类学博士。关注科技创新与人和社会互动互塑过程，以二阶观察方法研究“当代（the contemporary）”。

主播，明月，果壳主编

主播，游识猷，果壳主笔

🌰时间轴🌰

02:25 哈利夫与林郁婷，到底是什么情况？

07:59 南非田径运动员卡斯特尔·塞门亚，她的案例引发了对睾酮的限制。

11:27 生物学上的性别，都有哪些决定因素？

14:04 今年检测是女性，明年检测变成了男性，后年检测又会是女性

16:07 西班牙跨栏选手玛丽亚·马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥，染色体是XY，但身体对雄激素不起反应

25:00 天生高睾酮的女性运动员，需要通过服药或者切除性腺来降低睾酮

35:47 顶级男女运动员的成绩相差多大？睾酮会带来多大的影响？

42:05 到底怎么分组才能保证公平？

56:20 奥运会除了输赢和奖牌，也有更超越的一面。

🌰部分参考资料🌰

关于哈利夫和林郁婷——

Khelif 巴黎奥运会官网运动员信息: olympics.com

Lin 巴黎奥运会官网运动员信息：olympics.com

关于性别的复杂性——

Ainsworth, C. (2015) Sex redefined. Nature. 518 (7539), 288–291.

Elliott, Z. (2023) A Response to Nature’s ‘Sex Redefined’. Paradox Institute. 4 April. Available from: www.theparadoxinstitute.com.

Montañez, A. (2017) Visualizing Sex as a Spectrum. Scientific American. 29 August. Available from: www.scientificamerican.com.

关于性别测试——

Pieper, L. (2017). Sex testing: Gender policing in women’s sports. University of Illinois Press.

关于跨性别运动员——

Hamilton, B. et al. (2024) Strength, power and aerobic capacity of transgender athletes: a cross-sectional study. British Journal of Sports Medicine. 58 (11), 586–597.

Longman, J. (2024) New study bolsters idea of athletic differences between men and trans women. The New York Times. 23 April. Available from: www.nytimes.com .

关于塞门亚——

Semenya 国际奥委会官网运动员信息：olympics.com

Pielke Jr., R. & Pape, M. (2019) Science, sport, sex, and the case of Caster Semenya. Issues in Science and Technology. 36 (1), 56–63.

[and responses to Pielke Jr., R. & Pape, M. (2019) : Bermon, S. et al. (2020) Science, sports, and sex. Issues in Science and Technology. 36 (2), . [online]. Available from: issues.org (Accessed 6 August 2024).]

Quell, M. (2024) Olympic runner Caster Semenya returns to rights court. Courthouse News Service. 15 May. Available from: www.courthousenews.com

The World Medical Association (2023) WMA welcomes European Court of Human Rights siding with Caster Semenya. The World Medical Association. 31 July. Available from: www.wma.net

关于男女顶级运动员的差异对比——

Sandbakk, Ø., Solli, G. S., & Holmberg, H.-C. (2018). Sex Differences in World-Record Performance: The Influence of Sport Discipline and Competition Duration. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance, 13(1), 2–8. doi: 10.1123/ijspp.2017-0196

Hilton, E. N., & Lundberg, T. R. (2020). Transgender women in the female category of sport: perspectives on testosterone suppression and performance advantage. Sports Medicine, 1-16.

Thibault, V., Guillaume, M., Berthelot, G., Helou, N. E., Schaal, K., Quinquis, L., ...Toussaint, J.-François. (2010). Women and Men in Sport Performance: The Gender Gap has not Evolved since 1983. Journal of Sports Science & Medicine, 9(2), 214. Retrieved from www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov

关于男女的肌肉和拳击——

Hubal, M. J., Gordish-Dressman, H. E. A. T. H. E. R., Thompson, P. D., Price, T. B., Hoffman, E. P., Angelopoulos, T. J., ... & Clarkson, P. M. (2005). Variability in muscle size and strength gain after unilateral resistance training. Medicine & science in sports & exercise, 37(6), 964-972.

Morris, J. S., Link, J., Martin, J. C., & Carrier, D. R. (2020). Sexual dimorphism in human arm power and force: implications for sexual selection on fighting ability. Journal of Experimental Biology, 223(2), jeb212365.

关于奥运级运动员的内分泌分析——

Sönksen, P. H., Holt, R. I. G., Böhning, W., Guha, N., Cowan, D. A., Bartlett, C., & Böhning, D. (2018). Why do endocrine profiles in elite athletes differ between sports? Clin. Diabetes Endocrinol., 4(1), 1–16. doi: 10.1186/s40842-017-0050-3

Healy ML, Gibney J, Pentecost C, Wheeler MJ, Sonksen PH. Endocrine profiles in 693 elite athletes in the postcompetition setting. Clin Endocrinol. 2014;81:294–305.

关于四名患有5-ARD的精英女运动员接受了性腺切除术以降低睾酮——

Fenichel P, Paris F, Philibert P, Hiéronimus S, Gaspari L, Kurzenne JY, et al. Molecular diagnosis of 5 alpha-reductase deficiency in 4 elite young female athletes through hormonal screening for hyperandrogenism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013;98:E1055-9.

Jordan-Young, R. M., Sönksen, P. H., & Karkazis, K. (2014). Sex, health, and athletes. BMJ, 348, g2926. doi: 10.1136/bmj.g2926

西班牙前跨栏运动员、患有雄激素不敏感综合征（AIS）的玛丽亚·何塞·马丁内斯-帕蒂尼奥（Maria José Martínez-Patiño）在《柳叶刀》上写自己的经历——

Martínez-Patiño, M. J. (2005). Personal Account: A woman tried and tested. Lancet, 366, S38. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67841-5

本期嘉宾： 苏夜阳

主播：明月，游识猷

后期： Yann

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